Caffeine, although commonly consumed, can also affect gynecological health in various ways:
1. Menstrual Cycle: High caffeine intake is associated with painful menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) due to its vasoconstrictive properties, which can reduce blood flow to the uterus.
2. Fertility: Some studies suggest that excessive caffeine intake may reduce fertility by affecting hormonal levels and ovulation.
3. Pregnancy Risks: Caffeine can cross the placenta and affect fetal development, leading to potential risks like low birth weight and preterm birth.
4. Bone Health: Excessive caffeine consumption can interfere with the absorption of calcium, leading to weakened bones and increased risk of osteoporosis, which is particularly concerning for postmenopausal women.
