Endometrial disorders - Gynecology

What are Endometrial Disorders?

Endometrial disorders involve abnormalities in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. These conditions can affect a woman's menstrual cycle, fertility, and overall health. Common endometrial disorders include endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer.

What is Endometriosis?

Endometriosis is a condition where the tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus grows outside of it. This can cause severe pain, especially during menstruation, and can lead to fertility issues. The misplaced tissue continues to act as it normally would—thickening, breaking down, and bleeding with each menstrual cycle. Because this tissue has no way to exit the body, it becomes trapped.

What are the Symptoms of Endometriosis?

Symptoms can vary but often include:

Pelvic pain, often associated with menstrual periods
Pain during intercourse
Pain with bowel movements or urination
Heavy menstrual bleeding or bleeding between periods
Infertility

How is Endometriosis Diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of pelvic exams, imaging tests like ultrasound or MRI, and sometimes a laparoscopy. Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that allows doctors to view the endometrial tissue outside the uterus.

What is Endometrial Hyperplasia?

Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition characterized by the thickening of the endometrium. This is usually due to excessive estrogen without enough progesterone to counteract it. It can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer.

What are the Symptoms of Endometrial Hyperplasia?

Symptoms often include:

Heavy or prolonged menstrual periods
Irregular menstrual cycles
Bleeding between periods
Postmenopausal bleeding

How is Endometrial Hyperplasia Diagnosed?

Diagnosis may involve a pelvic ultrasound to measure endometrial thickness, a biopsy to examine the cells of the endometrium, or a hysteroscopy to view the uterine cavity directly.

What is Endometrial Cancer?

Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lining of the uterus. It is the most common type of uterine cancer and often affects women post-menopause. Risk factors include obesity, hormone therapy, and a history of endometrial hyperplasia.

What are the Symptoms of Endometrial Cancer?

Symptoms can include:

Vaginal bleeding after menopause
Bleeding between periods
Pelvic pain
Pain during intercourse

How is Endometrial Cancer Diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves a series of tests, including endometrial biopsy, transvaginal ultrasound, and sometimes a D&C (dilation and curettage), where tissue from the lining of the uterus is removed and examined.

What are Treatment Options for Endometrial Disorders?

Treatment varies depending on the specific condition but may include:

Medications: Hormonal therapies like birth control pills or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists can help manage symptoms.
Surgical options: Procedures like laparoscopy for endometriosis, D&C for hyperplasia, or hysterectomy for severe cases or cancer.
Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a healthy weight and diet can help manage symptoms and reduce risks.

What are the Risks and Complications?

Risks and complications can include chronic pain, anemia from heavy bleeding, and infertility. More severe conditions like untreated endometrial hyperplasia or cancer can be life-threatening.

When to See a Doctor?

It is essential to see a healthcare provider if you experience abnormal bleeding, severe pain during menstruation, or any other concerning symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes.