The primary cause of menstrual cramps is the contraction of the uterus to shed its lining. These contractions are triggered by hormone-like substances called prostaglandins. Higher levels of prostaglandins are associated with more severe menstrual cramps. Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by conditions such as:
- Endometriosis: A condition where tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus grows outside it. - Adenomyosis: When the uterine lining grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. - Fibroids: Non-cancerous growths in the uterus. - Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): An infection of the female reproductive organs.
