What is Pre-Eclampsia?
Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to other organ systems, most often the liver and kidneys. It usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had been normal.
What are the Symptoms?
The most common symptoms include high blood pressure, proteinuria (protein in the urine), severe headaches, changes in vision, upper abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, decreased urine output, and shortness of breath. It's important to monitor these symptoms closely, as they can indicate the progression of the condition.
How is it Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically made through regular prenatal visits where blood pressure is measured and urine samples are tested for protein. Additional tests may include blood tests to check liver and kidney function, as well as
ultrasounds to monitor the baby's growth. In some cases, a 24-hour urine collection may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
What are the Causes?
The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is unknown, but it is believed to involve an abnormal development of the
placenta. Factors that may contribute include genetic factors, maternal age (under 20 or over 40), obesity, and underlying medical conditions such as chronic hypertension or diabetes.
Who is at Risk?
Risk factors for pre-eclampsia include a history of the condition in previous pregnancies, a family history of pre-eclampsia, multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets), and certain medical conditions such as
lupus or chronic kidney disease. First-time pregnancies and pregnancies resulting from
in vitro fertilization are also at increased risk.
How is it Treated?
Treatment depends on the severity of the condition and the stage of the pregnancy. Mild cases may be managed with
bed rest, dietary changes, and medications to lower blood pressure. Severe cases may require hospitalization and early delivery of the baby. In some instances, corticosteroids may be administered to help mature the baby's lungs before a preterm delivery.
Can it be Prevented?
There is no guaranteed way to prevent pre-eclampsia, but some measures may reduce the risk. These include maintaining a healthy weight, regular prenatal care, managing underlying medical conditions, and possibly taking low-dose aspirin if recommended by a healthcare provider. Early detection and management are crucial for reducing complications.
What are the Potential Complications?
Complications for the mother can include eclampsia (seizures), HELLP syndrome (a severe form of pre-eclampsia involving liver and blood disorders), and organ damage. For the baby, risks include preterm birth, low birth weight, and placental abruption. Both maternal and fetal monitoring are essential to manage these risks effectively.
What Follow-Up Care is Needed?
Postpartum care is essential for women who have had pre-eclampsia. Blood pressure should be monitored, and any lingering symptoms should be addressed. Long-term follow-up is important as women who have had pre-eclampsia are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life.
