What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) refers to procedures involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women.
Types of FGM
FGM is classified into four major types: Type 1: Clitoridectomy – partial or total removal of the clitoris.
Type 2: Excision – partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without the labia majora.
Type 3: Infibulation – narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal, formed by cutting and repositioning the labia.
Type 4: Other – all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, and cauterizing.
Why is FGM Performed?
FGM is often carried out for cultural, religious, or social reasons within families and communities. It is sometimes seen as a rite of passage for girls, a prerequisite for marriage, or a way to control female sexuality. However, it has no health benefits and causes significant harm.
Health Risks and Complications
FGM has immediate and long-term health risks. Immediate complications can include severe pain, excessive bleeding, genital swelling, fever, infections, urinary problems, and even death. Long-term consequences may include chronic pain, infections, cysts, infertility, complications in childbirth, and psychological trauma.Legal and Ethical Aspects
FGM is illegal in many countries and is considered a violation of human rights. Various international organizations, including the
World Health Organization (WHO) and the
United Nations (UN), are actively working to eliminate the practice. Healthcare providers have an ethical obligation to oppose FGM and to support affected individuals with appropriate medical care and counseling.
Role of Gynecologists in Addressing FGM
Gynecologists play a critical role in the prevention, identification, and management of FGM. They should be knowledgeable about the practice and its complications, provide compassionate care to affected women, offer counseling and support, and advocate for the abandonment of FGM. Gynecologists can also help in the reconstruction surgery for those seeking to repair the damage caused by FGM.Support and Resources
Support for women affected by FGM includes medical treatment, psychological counseling, and social support. There are various organizations and hotlines that offer help, such as
UNICEF,
Amnesty International, and
local community groups. Healthcare providers should be aware of these resources and refer patients as needed.
Preventive Measures
Preventive measures involve education, community engagement, and legislative action. Education programs that raise awareness about the dangers of FGM and promote women's health and rights are crucial. Community leaders, healthcare providers, and policymakers must collaborate to create and enforce laws that prohibit FGM and protect girls at risk.Conclusion
FGM is a harmful practice with no health benefits and significant risks. It is a violation of women's and girls' rights and must be addressed with a multifaceted approach involving education, legal action, and healthcare support. Gynecologists have a vital role in providing care to affected individuals and advocating for the eradication of FGM.
