What are the risks and treatments for postpartum hemorrhage?
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is excessive bleeding after childbirth, typically more than 500 ml after a vaginal delivery or more than 1000 ml after a cesarean section. Risk factors include uterine atony, retained placental fragments, and coagulopathy. Treatments may involve uterine massage, medications like oxytocin or misoprostol, and in severe cases, surgical intervention such as a hysterectomy.
