How Do Hormonal Changes Affect Cardiac Arrhythmias?
Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause can influence cardiac electrophysiology. Estrogen and progesterone have been shown to affect cardiac ion channels, which can alter the heart's rhythm. For instance, estrogen is known to have a protective effect against arrhythmias by modulating the autonomic nervous system, while a drop in estrogen levels during menopause may increase the risk of arrhythmias.
