practice questions - Gynecology

Practicing questions in the field of Gynecology is essential for reinforcing knowledge and preparing for exams or clinical practice. Here are some important questions and answers that cover various aspects of Gynecology, from common conditions to surgical procedures.

1. What are the common symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by several symptoms including irregular menstrual cycles, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), acne, obesity, and infertility. Women with PCOS may also experience insulin resistance and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

2. How is Endometriosis diagnosed and treated?

Endometriosis is diagnosed through clinical evaluation, imaging studies like ultrasound or MRI, and confirmed by laparoscopy. Treatment options include medical management with NSAIDs, hormonal therapies such as birth control pills or GnRH agonists, and surgical intervention to remove endometriotic lesions.

3. What is the significance of a Pap smear in Gynecology?

A Pap smear is a screening tool used to detect precancerous or cancerous cells in the cervix. It is crucial for early detection of cervical cancer and has significantly reduced the incidence and mortality associated with the disease. Regular screening is recommended for women starting at age 21.

4. What are the risk factors for developing Ovarian Cancer?

Risk factors for ovarian cancer include age (most common in women over 50), family history of ovarian or breast cancer, genetic mutations (BRCA1 and BRCA2), and certain reproductive history factors such as nulliparity. Symptoms can be vague and include bloating, pelvic pain, and changes in bowel habits.

5. How is Urinary Incontinence managed in women?

Urinary incontinence can be managed through lifestyle modifications, pelvic floor exercises (Kegels), medications, or surgical procedures such as sling surgeries. The choice of treatment depends on the type of incontinence (stress, urge, or mixed) and the severity of symptoms.

6. What are the indications for a Hysterectomy?

A hysterectomy may be indicated for several conditions including uterine fibroids, endometriosis, uterine prolapse, chronic pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and gynecologic cancers. The type of hysterectomy (total, partial, or radical) and the surgical approach (abdominal, vaginal, or laparoscopic) depend on the underlying condition and patient factors.

7. What is the role of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) in menopause?

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is used to alleviate symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and osteoporosis prevention. HRT can involve estrogen alone or a combination of estrogen and progesterone. It is important to weigh the benefits against potential risks such as cardiovascular disease and breast cancer.

8. How is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) treated?

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics to cover likely pathogens including Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Early treatment is crucial to prevent complications like infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.

9. What are the features of a normal menstrual cycle?

A normal menstrual cycle ranges from 21 to 35 days, with menstrual bleeding lasting 2 to 7 days. The cycle is regulated by a complex interplay of hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, and involves the preparation of the endometrium for potential pregnancy and its shedding if fertilization does not occur.

10. How do you perform a Breast Examination?

A clinical breast examination involves inspecting the breasts for symmetry, skin changes, and nipple discharge, followed by palpation to detect lumps or abnormalities. It is an important part of routine gynecological care and is complemented by imaging studies such as mammography for early detection of breast cancer.

By understanding and practicing these questions, healthcare professionals can enhance their knowledge base and provide better care for their patients in the field of Gynecology.