Endometrial polyps are growths attached to the inner wall of the uterus that extend into the uterine cavity. They result from an overgrowth of cells in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). These polyps are usually benign (non-cancerous), but some can be precancerous or cancerous.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of endometrial polyps is not well understood. However, they are often associated with hormonal changes, particularly the influence of estrogen. Risk factors include being in the age range of 40-50 years, obesity, hypertension, and taking tamoxifen, a drug used for breast cancer treatment.
Symptoms
Many women with endometrial polyps are asymptomatic. However, when symptoms do occur, they may include
irregular menstrual bleeding, bleeding between periods, extremely heavy menstrual periods (menorrhagia), postmenopausal bleeding, and
infertility.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing endometrial polyps typically involves a combination of patient history, physical examination, and imaging studies.
Transvaginal ultrasound is commonly used to visualize the polyps. Additionally, a hysteroscopy, where a thin, lighted instrument is inserted through the vagina into the uterus, can be used for both diagnosis and treatment.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the size of the polyps, the symptoms, and whether they are benign or malign. Small, asymptomatic polyps may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored. However, larger or symptomatic polyps are often removed surgically through a procedure known as
hysteroscopic polypectomy. Medications like progestins or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists may also be used to manage symptoms.
Complications
Although most endometrial polyps are benign, they can occasionally cause complications such as
endometrial hyperplasia or malignancy. Additionally, they may contribute to infertility and recurrent miscarriages.
Prevention and Monitoring
There are no guaranteed ways to prevent endometrial polyps. However, regular gynecological check-ups and timely management of symptoms can help in early detection and treatment. Women taking tamoxifen or those with a history of endometrial abnormalities should be monitored more closely.
It is important to consult a healthcare provider if you experience unusual vaginal bleeding, especially if it is heavy or occurs after menopause. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent potential complications.
