What is Preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related condition characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, often the liver and kidneys. It usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had previously been normal. If left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious or even fatal complications for both mother and baby.
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine)
Severe headaches
Changes in vision, including temporary loss of vision, blurred vision, or light sensitivity
Upper abdominal pain, usually under the ribs on the right side
Nausea or vomiting
Decreased urine output
Shortness of breath, caused by fluid in the lungs
What Causes Preeclampsia?
The exact cause of preeclampsia remains unknown, but several factors are believed to play a role, including:
Placental abnormalities
Genetic factors
Immune system response
Cardiovascular changes
First pregnancy
History of preeclampsia in previous pregnancies
Family history of preeclampsia
Chronic hypertension or kidney disease
Age (under 20 or over 40)
Obesity
Multiple pregnancies (e.g., twins or triplets)
Certain medical conditions like diabetes, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis
How is Preeclampsia Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of preeclampsia involves monitoring blood pressure and conducting urine tests to check for protein. Other diagnostic tests may include:
Blood tests to assess liver function, kidney function, and platelet count
Ultrasound to monitor the baby’s growth
Non-stress tests or biophysical profiles to evaluate the baby’s well-being
How is Preeclampsia Treated?
The primary treatment for preeclampsia is delivery of the baby, which may be necessary even if the baby is premature. Treatment options may include:
Monitoring and managing blood pressure
Medications to prevent seizures (e.g., magnesium sulfate)
Corticosteroids to help mature the baby's lungs if preterm delivery is likely
Hospitalization for close monitoring
In severe cases, immediate delivery may be required to prevent complications.
Regular prenatal care to monitor health and catch early signs
Maintaining a healthy weight before and during pregnancy
Managing underlying health conditions such as hypertension or diabetes
Taking low-dose aspirin if recommended by a healthcare provider
Balanced diet and regular exercise
What are the Long-term Effects of Preeclampsia?
Women who have had preeclampsia are at increased risk for future cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. It is essential for these women to adopt a heart-healthy lifestyle and have regular check-ups with their healthcare provider.
Conclusion
Preeclampsia is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Regular prenatal care, recognizing symptoms early, and timely intervention can help manage the condition and reduce the risk of complications for both mother and baby.
