What is Endometrial Cancer?
Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. This cancer is the most common type of uterine cancer and primarily affects postmenopausal women, although it can occur in younger women as well.
Risk Factors
Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing endometrial cancer. These include prolonged exposure to estrogen, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and a family history of cancer. Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Lynch syndrome also elevate the risk.
Symptoms
The most common symptom of endometrial cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly postmenopausal bleeding. Other symptoms may include pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, and unexplained weight loss.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves a combination of a pelvic exam, transvaginal ultrasound, and an endometrial biopsy. In some cases, hysteroscopy or dilation and curettage (D&C) may be necessary for a definitive diagnosis.
Staging
Endometrial cancer is staged using the FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) system. The stages range from I (cancer confined to the uterus) to IV (cancer has spread to other parts of the body).
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the stage and grade of the cancer. Surgical options typically include a hysterectomy, often with removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries (salpingo-oophorectomy). Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy may also be used, either alone or in combination.
Prognosis
The prognosis for endometrial cancer is generally good if caught early. The 5-year survival rate for localized endometrial cancer is about 95%. However, the prognosis worsens if the cancer has spread beyond the uterus.
Prevention
Preventive measures include maintaining a healthy weight, managing diabetes and hypertension, and using birth control pills, which have been shown to reduce the risk. Regular gynecological check-ups can also aid in early detection.
Conclusion
Endometrial cancer is a significant concern in gynecology, especially for postmenopausal women. Understanding the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options can help in early detection and improve outcomes. Regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle are key preventive measures.
