What is Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that belongs to the herpesvirus family. It is often asymptomatic in healthy individuals but can cause significant problems in pregnant women and their unborn children.
How is CMV transmitted?
CMV is primarily spread through direct contact with bodily fluids such as saliva, urine, blood, and breast milk. It can also be transmitted through sexual contact, organ transplantation, and blood transfusion.
Why is CMV important in Gynecology?
CMV is of particular concern in gynecology because it can cause congenital CMV infection when a pregnant woman is infected. Congenital CMV can lead to severe complications in newborns, including hearing loss, developmental delays, and other long-term health issues.
What are the symptoms of CMV infection?
Most CMV infections are asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur, they may include fever, sore throat, fatigue, and swollen glands. In pregnant women, the infection is often silent, which means they may not be aware they are infected.
How is CMV diagnosed?
CMV can be diagnosed through a variety of tests. Serological tests can detect CMV antibodies in the blood, indicating past or current infection. PCR testing can detect CMV DNA in bodily fluids, confirming active infection. Amniocentesis may be performed to diagnose congenital CMV in the fetus.
What are the risks associated with CMV during pregnancy?
A primary CMV infection during pregnancy poses the highest risk to the fetus. Congenital CMV infection can lead to serious complications like microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, hepatosplenomegaly, and chorioretinitis. These complications can result in long-term disabilities.
How can CMV be prevented?
Preventing CMV infection involves practicing good hygiene, such as regular handwashing with soap and water, especially after changing diapers, wiping a child's nose, or handling children’s toys. Pregnant women should avoid sharing food, drinks, or utensils with young children and kissing young children on the lips.
Is there a treatment for CMV?
There is no cure for CMV, but antiviral medications such as ganciclovir, valganciclovir, and foscarnet can help manage symptoms and complications. These medications may be used in severe cases, especially in immunocompromised patients or newborns with congenital CMV.
What is the prognosis for infants with congenital CMV?
The prognosis for infants with congenital CMV varies widely. Some may be asymptomatic at birth and develop normally, while others may experience significant health issues. Early intervention with therapies such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy can improve outcomes for affected children.
Are there any vaccines for CMV?
Currently, there is no approved vaccine for CMV, but research is ongoing. Several experimental vaccines are in clinical trials, and their development is a priority due to the significant impact of congenital CMV on public health.
