Case Study 1: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Patient Information:
A 25-year-old female presents with irregular menstrual cycles, weight gain, and excessive facial hair growth.
Q: What are the common symptoms of PCOS?A: Common symptoms include irregular menstrual cycles,
hirsutism (excessive facial and body hair),
acne, weight gain, and
ovarian cysts.
Q: What investigations are needed for confirmation?A: Investigations include
ultrasound of the ovaries, hormonal profile (LH, FSH, androgens), and glucose tolerance test.
Q: What are the treatment options?A: Treatment options include lifestyle changes (diet and exercise),
oral contraceptives to regulate menstrual cycles, and medications like
metformin to improve insulin sensitivity.
Case Study 2: Endometriosis
Patient Information:
A 30-year-old woman complains of severe pelvic pain, particularly during menstruation, and has difficulty conceiving.
Questions and Answers: Q: What is the most likely diagnosis?A: The most likely diagnosis is
endometriosis.
Q: What are the key clinical features?A: Key clinical features include chronic pelvic pain,
dysmenorrhea (painful periods), dyspareunia (pain during intercourse), and
infertility.
Q: What diagnostic tests are recommended?A: Recommended diagnostic tests include pelvic ultrasound, MRI, and
laparoscopy for direct visualization and biopsy.
Q: What are the treatment options for endometriosis?
A: Treatment options include pain management (NSAIDs), hormonal therapies (GnRH agonists, oral contraceptives), and surgical options like laparoscopy to remove endometrial tissue.
Case Study 3: Cervical Cancer
Patient Information:
A 45-year-old woman reports post-coital bleeding and abnormal vaginal discharge. She has not had a Pap smear in over five years.
Questions and Answers: Q: What is the most likely diagnosis?A: The most likely diagnosis is
cervical cancer.
Q: What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?A: Risk factors include
HPV infection, smoking, multiple sexual partners, and a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Q: What diagnostic procedures should be performed?A: Diagnostic procedures include a
Pap smear, HPV testing, colposcopy, and a biopsy of the cervix.
Q: What are the treatment options?
A: Treatment depends on the stage and may include surgery (hysterectomy), radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Case Study 4: Menopause
Patient Information:
A 52-year-old woman reports hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings. Her last menstrual period was over a year ago.
Questions and Answers: Q: What is the most likely diagnosis?A: The most likely diagnosis is
menopause.
Q: What are the common symptoms of menopause?A: Common symptoms include hot flashes,
night sweats, mood swings,
vaginal dryness, and sleep disturbances.
Q: What are the treatment options for menopausal symptoms?A: Treatment options include
hormone replacement therapy (HRT), lifestyle changes (diet, exercise), and non-hormonal medications (SSRIs, clonidine).
Case Study 5: Urinary Incontinence
Patient Information:
A 60-year-old woman experiences involuntary leakage of urine, especially when coughing or sneezing.
Q: What are the risk factors for urinary incontinence?
A: Risk factors include aging, childbirth, obesity, and a history of pelvic surgery.
Q: What diagnostic tests are useful?A: Useful diagnostic tests include a
urinalysis, post-void residual measurement, and urodynamic testing.
Q: What are the treatment options?A: Treatment options include pelvic floor exercises (Kegels), lifestyle modifications, medications, and surgical options like a
sling procedure.
