What is a Biophysical Profile (BPP)?
A
biophysical profile (BPP) is a prenatal ultrasound evaluation used to assess the well-being of the fetus. This test evaluates the health of the baby using a combination of five parameters: fetal heart rate, fetal breathing movements, fetal movements, fetal muscle tone, and amniotic fluid volume. Each of these parameters is scored, and the total score helps determine the need for further testing or intervention.
Why is a BPP Performed?
A BPP is typically conducted to monitor the health of the fetus, especially in high-risk pregnancies. It may be recommended if there are concerns about
fetal growth restriction, maternal conditions such as
diabetes or
hypertension, or if there are signs of decreased fetal movements. This test helps in making critical decisions regarding the timing and mode of delivery.
How is a BPP Conducted?
The BPP is typically performed in a hospital or specialized clinic. It involves a combination of
ultrasound and non-stress tests (NST). During the ultrasound, the technician will monitor the fetus’s movements, muscle tone, and breathing movements. The NST involves monitoring the fetal heart rate in response to movements using an external fetal monitor.
What Do the Scores Mean?
Each of the five parameters in a BPP is scored on a scale of 0 to 2, with a maximum score of 10:
Fetal Heart Rate: Assessed through an NST. A reactive heart rate scores 2, non-reactive scores 0.
Fetal Breathing Movements: At least one episode of breathing for 30 seconds within 30 minutes scores 2, otherwise 0.
Fetal Movements: At least three or more discrete body/limb movements within 30 minutes scores 2, otherwise 0.
Fetal Muscle Tone: At least one episode of active extension with return to flexion of the fetal limb(s) or trunk scores 2, otherwise 0.
Amniotic Fluid Volume: A single vertical pocket of amniotic fluid that measures at least 2 cm scores 2, otherwise 0.
A score of 8-10 is generally considered normal. A score of 6 may require further evaluation, and a score of 4 or less may indicate the need for immediate intervention.
What are the Benefits of a BPP?
The primary benefit of a BPP is that it provides comprehensive information about the fetus’s health and well-being, which helps in making timely decisions to prevent complications. It is especially useful in managing high-risk pregnancies and can help in determining the most appropriate time for delivery to minimize risks to both the mother and the baby.
Are There Any Risks Associated with a BPP?
A BPP is a non-invasive procedure and is generally considered safe for both the mother and the fetus. The ultrasound and NST used in the evaluation do not pose any significant risks. However, it is essential that the test is conducted by trained professionals to ensure accurate results.
High-risk pregnancies
Decreased fetal movements
Maternal conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or preeclampsia
Suspected fetal growth restriction
Post-term pregnancies (beyond 42 weeks)
Conclusion
The
biophysical profile is a critical tool in prenatal care, providing valuable insights into the well-being of the fetus. By assessing multiple parameters, it helps in making informed decisions to ensure the health and safety of both the mother and the baby. While it is a routine part of managing high-risk pregnancies, it can also be beneficial in monitoring the progress of normal pregnancies under specific conditions.
